The standard interpretation of a null state, or empty state, posits it as devoid of structure. This paper introduces a ...

Decision-making inherently involves cause–effect relationships that introduce causal challenges. We argue that reliable algorithms for decision-making need to build upon causal reasoning. Addressing ...

How ANOVA helps ensure process data lead to accurate, defensible decisions. The two-sample t-test determines if two population means are equal. Typical applications involve testing whether a new ...

This study presents valuable findings from a spatiotemporal analysis of arbovirus case notification data from 2013 to 2020 in Brazil, reporting associations between covariates representing potential ...

All scientist Erin Pettit could see when she looked at the satellite photos of the ice shelf in front of the Thwaites Glacier in West Antarctica was the giant crack that stretched across most of the ...