The microcontroller’s CPU reads program code from memory, one instruction at a time, decodes each instruction, and then executes it. All memory content—both program code and data—is in binary form: ...

First, architecture basics are detailed with information on the register sets, data types, and memory and instruction formats. Next, instruction set extensions are detailed, which include Intel® ...

When developing software for small microcontrollers, it is common to use assembly language in the final product. But there is still much value in prototyping the software and its algortihms in C. Here ...