In bioinformatics, multiple sequence alignment (MSA) is an NP-hard problem. Nature-inspired approaches can provide an approximate solution compared to conventional approaches. In this article, the MSA ...

Multiple sequence alignment (MSA) is a cornerstone of computational biology, facilitating the exploration of functional, structural and evolutionary relationships among biological sequences.

Historical introduction and overview -- Collecting and storing sequences in the laboratory -- Alignment of pairs of sequences -- Introduction to probability and statistical analysis of sequence ...

The classic methodology of inferring a phylogenetic tree from sequence data is composed of two steps. First, a multiple sequence alignment (MSA) is computed. Then, a tree is reconstructed assuming the ...